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The Uniform and Equipment listed below would have been worn both before and after D-day.
This uniform would only have slight changes right up till the end of 1944.
TAG, IDENTIFICATION, M1940.
Commonly known as 'dog' tags, these metal tags contained the wearer's key medical and personal information for both medical and
graves registration purposes. Wartime tags can be recognised by their rolled edge and notched rim, which was to seat the tag in the
stamping machine. Both tags contained identical information, in the following format: -
Name;
Serial Number + Date of Tetanus Inoculation
Next of Kin + Blood type
Religion.
In 1943, the next of kin details were omitted as it was rumoured that details of killed or captured soldiers were being passed to German
sympathisers on the American mainland. (In fact, it was simply to prevent excessive buckling of the tags). Similarly, contrary to
mythology, both dog tags were to be left on the fallen soldier as removing them robbed the body of identification. One tag was buried with
the body, while the other, after processing, became part of the soldier's grave marker
HELMET, STEEL, M1
The M1 steel helmet is synonymous with the image of the WWII GI. It consisted of two parts an outer steel pot with web chin strap and the
removable plastic liner - which held the adjustable sweatband and cradle. The liner could be worn for ceremonial duties, while the outer
steel cover (in addition to offering protection) could additionally serve as an improvised basin, bucket, or entrenching tool. The outer
surface of the steel helmet was sprinkled with ground cork and coated with a thick coat of olive drab paint to reduce glare from the sun. A
net was also placed over the top, to hold camouflage to break up its distinctive outline. In the First Division, it was an SOP to hand-paint
the unit insignia on the front of both the helmet and liner.
CAP, WOOL KNIT, MODEL M-1941.
Fondly recognised as being the headgear worn by Radar O'Riley from MASH, the jeep cap was a close fitting wool cap designed to sit
beneath the steel helmet in cold weather. The small peak and fold down sides covered the ears and mirrored the helmet edge. The jeep
cap's unmilitary appearance is alleged to have made it one of General Patton's pet banes.
UNDERSHIRT, COTTON, SUMMER, SLEEVELESS, OD
Like the under shorts, each GI was issued five singlets. These too, were initially white at the start of the war, but due to camouflage
reasons, production was changed to olive drab cotton. Original undershirts are available as are very good reproductions and, like the GI
under shorts, the choice between original and reproduction is left to the individual's scruples.
SHIRT, FLANNEL, OD, COAT STYLE
Like the wool trousers, every GI received two wool shirts. The phrase coat style is because it opened fully at the front unlike the pull over
predecessors and had two breast pockets with button down flaps. The shirt came in two types - 'regular' and special, the only difference
being the special had a gas flap behind the buttons and gussets to protect against vesicant chemicals. Some shirts also have a pair of
buttons underneath the collar intended as fastenings for the gas hood. Many soldiers removed the gas flaps as they added thickness and
bulk when worn with their Class A & B uniform.
JACKET, FIELD, OD (SECOND PATTERN)
Prior to 1939, the US Army's intention was to fight in the service coat. However as the clouds of war closed in, the Army decided to search
for a more practical garment for fighting in, and which would ultimately consign the service coat to dress occasions. The resulting
garment was based on a civilian jacket it was short olive drab jacket made from windproof, water-repellent cotton poplin with a flannel
lining. It had two slash pockets at the front, adjustable cuff and neck closures and had pleats at the shoulder allowing more flexibility. As
one might expect, the jacket was not a particularly successful as the poplin material tended to wear out quickly in combat, was hot in
summer and cold in winter, lacked a decent pocket capacity, and tended to show up against dark backgrounds. While attempts to
improve the garment resulted in the M1943 combat jacket, such quantities had been produced that these were the most common jacket
until well into 1945. Collectors anachronistically call these jackets as M41 (after the pattern date) to differentiate them from the later
M43 pattern. The real GIs, untutored in designs, patterns and model numbers simply call them.... field jackets.
SHOULDER PATCH
1ST DIVISION SHOULDER INSIGNIA. This is the Divisional Patch, Located on the upper part of the outer half of the left sleeve of the
service coat. It was also authorised to be worn on the overcoat, field jacket and shirt (when worn as an outer garment). The top of the
patch was to be 1/2 inch below top of the shoulder seam
HAVERSACK, M-1928
The haversack was the infantryman's pack, into which the soldier would roll his raincoat, rations, bedding and personal effects.
Erroneously called a "doughboy", the pack had two hangers, for the bayonet (side) and entrenching tool (back) respectively. The shoulder
straps enabled the haversack to clip to the cartridge belt, and support some of the weight of the ammunition and canteen from the
wearer's waist. The haversack was never popular with the infantry, and was declared "limited standard" from 1943 in favour of a more
practical design. However, with over 7 million haversacks constructed, they were still in service after 1945.
BLANKET - Wool M-1934.
An enlisted man was issued two olive drab wool blankets. In combat, another two blankets (or one wool sleeping bag) were rolled together
to form a "bedroll". These tended to be kept with the Supply Sergeant and brought up to the soldiers if or when combat conditions
permitted.
POUCH, MEAT CAN.
A meat can pouch was actually a component of the M1928 haversack and attached to the outer flap by two straps allowing the
entrenching tool to fit behind it. Designed to house the soldiers mess gear (or meat can), the inside rear of the pouch contained three
pockets for the knife, fork and spoon each in leather sheaths. The outer pouch held the meat can and fastened with a buckle. Frequently,
the meat cans were thrown away or left with the company kitchens; leaving the pouch free for the soldier to carry his emergency rations.
CAN, MEAT, M-1942
This was the standard eating 'dish' of the soldier. It came in two parts - an upper lid and a lower pan, with a folding handle, which clipped
the two components together. The date of manufacture and maker's name was stamped into the folding handle, which is useful to note as
the design remains in use today. Early model meat cans were simply copies of the first war pattern, but as supplies of aluminium fell
short, the design was improved and produced in stainless steel. In combat, tactical conditions made it hard to heat food - let alone use the
meat can and, cleaning the gear well enough to prevent dysentery or food poisoning was a problem. Similarly, the bulky and noisy metal
kits meant many units would pool the company's mess gear with their kitchen for when the men were pulled from the line and could use
them.
FORK, SPOON AND KNIFE, M-1926
With the meat-can, every GI was issued a set of stamped stainless steel cutlery (or silverware as the Americans call it). The fork and spoon
were stamped from a flat piece of steel and had the US initials embossed in the handle. Early knives had a black, bakelite handle, which
was a move to save aluminium for the war effort. All items in the set had a hole in the handle to allow the implement to be hooked onto
the meat can handle enabling the whole ensemble to be immersed in boiling water as part of the sterilization process after washing up. In
combat, most soldiers discarded all but the spoon, which best suited the stew based rations.
SHOVEL, INTRENCHING, M-1910 & CARRIER, SHOVEL, INTRENCHING, M-1910
As the pattern date suggests, this was a pre-first war design that was pushed into service for WWII. It is effectively a small shovel that
allowed the soldier to dig in against enemy fire. The blade of the shovel fitted into a D shaped duck cover, which buckled with a web strap
around the haft to hold it in place. The back of the cover had the hooks that allowed it to be suspended from the haversack or belt. This
intrenching tool had a 'T' shaped handle which was considered a design flaw in that it could snag on obstacles like barbed wire and impede
movement. For this reason, it was declared "limited standard" when, in 1943 a more versatile digging tool was adopted, but sufficient
quantities had been made that the T-handle can be seen in use late in the war. According to the pre-D Day 1944 Company T/O&E, (i.e.
official theory) each ten men had seven shovels with the remaining men carrying pick mattocks and axes.
The M1910 pick mattock, like the intrenching tool, was also a Great War product and, was to augment the squad's ability to dig in on
hard or stony ground. Comprising a hafted pick axe head and short handle, it fitted into a convenient carrying case which allowed it to be
carried identically to the shovel. There were thirty-seven of these in a rifle company and were issued on the basis of two every ten men.
Unlike the shovel, the pick mattock wasn't completely replaced by the M-43 intrenching tool.
The M1910 hand axe was issued on the basis of one to every ten men. Unfortunately, the ability to say who carried the axe in the squad
is impossible although this item is issued to medics who were to use it to fell small trees and branches to make overhead cover for holes,
chop out roots and presumably improvise poles for litters. In combat, most soldiers went for one of the more practical digging tools
described above although sharp eyes can sometimes see the axe in photographs.
BAYONET,M1/M1905
The US Army entered the Second War armed with the M1905 bayonet from Great War. The stockpiles which fulfilled the Army's
peacetime needs began to run out with mobilisation of millions of men, so production of the M1905 bayonet resumed in 1942. In 1943,
the army realised that a 16" blade was neither desirable nor practical, and set about redesigning it. The resulting M1 bayonet was
functionally identical, but had a 10" blade and shorter scabbard. To help speed production, the decision was made to take existing stocks of
M1905 bayonets and cut the blade length down to 10 inches too; a practice, which continued through to the end of the war. These cut
down blades came in two styles "spear point" (tapering to a tip) and "beak point" (curved and tapered back from the top of the blade).
During basic training, the average infantryman underwent 8 hours tuition in bayonet fighting, although incidents of bayonet use were
few.
U.S. RIFLE, CAL.30, M1
The M1 Garand is a full blown combat rifle with maxiumum range of 3,200 meters and maximum effective range of 400 meters.....or
the greatest distance at which the weapon can be expected to fire accurately to inflict casualties or damage. Fully loaded with 8 round
clip, cleaning kit in butt stock, sling and with stock of dense GI issue wood the M1 weighed in at 11-1/4 lbs. The M1 came into production
in 1936 using the 30.06 rifle cartridge. The M1 was the designated service rifle of World War II for the United States Military. It was
designed for semi-automatic fire using a spring steel clip containing 8 rounds. This is where the term "clip" originated. All other rifles
used a detachable or fixed magazine. The M1 Garand was designed for long range accuracy i.e. battle zero was set for any target less than
200 yards It was the only rifle that had fully adjustable i.e. windage and elevation, rear sights. The The original rear sight of the M1
would not hold adjustments very well, so a locking bar was added in late 1942 which could be tightened after sights were set.
The US Rifle M1 was the first semiautomatic rifle to be the standard small arm of the US Military, and the first semiautomatic rifle to be
adopted by a major military power. It was the product of a genuine genius, John Cantius Garand. While the M1 Rifle was never officially
referred to as the Garand, it is known by no other name so widely. First adopted in 1936, the M1 Rifle served the US in World War II,
Korea, a host of "police actions" and interventions, and, in the hands of allies, in the Vietnam War.
To many the M1 Rifle has a classic elegance and grace characteristic of a bygone era, when steel was forged in white heat and walnut was
carefully shaped for both form and function. "There will never be again such a rifle, so brimming with the genius of an individual mind,
so well constructed to outlive us all, so sculpted as to ask the hand to caress."
LIGHTWEIGHT SERVICE GAS MASK M3-10 A1-6 & M6 CARRIER, OD
The Army M3-10A1-6 was a modification of the earlier M2A2 Service Gas Mask. The mask was designed to be lighter, so a shorter
breathing tube was used with a lightweight M10A1 filter canister fixed to the end. An inner oronasal cup was also incorporated to reduce
fogging of the eye pieces. The head harness was also riveted onto the face piece differently, so as to not require rifle skids. This factor
makes the M3-10A1-6 easy to distinguish from the other lightweight service gas masks. The M3-10A1-6 was made in fairly significant
numbers but it is still somewhat difficult to find today.
BELT, CARTRIDGE, CAL.30, M-1923, DISMOUNTED
This was the standard piece of equipment for anyone armed with the M1 or M1903a4 rifle and carried 80 or 50 rounds respectively. The
belt comprised of a left and right section of five pockets each, linked by an adjustable back strap. Along the base of the belt were eye holes,
which allowed the suspension of equipment such as canteens, aid pouches etc.
CANTEEN, M-1910 & CUP, M-1910 .
The M-1910 canteen and cup carried a quart of liquid. It was initially made of aluminium, with a matching aluminium cap, however
this was substituted by stainless steel (with a bakelite cap) to conserve precious metals. The canteen was slightly convex to follow the
contour of the body and similarly shaped canteen cup, into which it fitted. The canteen cup had a folding handle that clipped around the
bottom of the cup when not in use, and has the maker's name and date stamped on it.
The complete assembly fitted in to the canteen cover.
COVER, CANTEEN, DISMOUNTED, M-1910
As the name suggests, this was the felt lined cover for the canteen and cup. According to regulations, it was to be carried on the rear left of
the wearer's belt, but was not really enforced outside garrison.
POUCH, FIRST-AID PACKET,M-1942 & FIRST-AID PACKET, CARLISLE MODEL
This pouch was used to carry a soldier's "Carlisle" field dressing and sulphanilamide wound tablets. Officially, it was supposed to be worn
to the rear right of the wearer's rifle belt. In combat however, it tended to be moved to the front, where it could be reached more easily
when hit.
DRAWERS,COTTON,SHORTS, OD
According to the table of issue, every GI received five pairs of under shorts. Early in the war, they were white, but as the war progressed,
and interests of camouflage, they were produced in olive drab colour. They had three buttons at the waistband and had -in lieu of elastic
tie fasteners for final adjustment. While unissued and reproduction underwear is available (and surprisingly comfortable) this is one area
of authenticity we leave to the individual's conscience!
BELT, WEB,WAIST, EM, M-1937
Every soldier was issued one of these trouser belts. At 1 1/4 inch width, the belt had a metal tip and an "open face" buckle, which is a
design still in service today. While "Closed face buckles", akin to those worn by officers, were sold at the PX, we insist on the "open face"
type, which was more typical of the type issued to the enlisted man.
TROUSERS, WOOL, SERGE, OD, LIGHT SHADE
On entering the service, every soldier was issued two pairs of wool or more accurately 18-ounce serge trousers. The trousers have two
side seam pockets, a watch pocket on the right front waistband and two rear hip pockets. Because they are made from a lighter shade
material than the service coat and, to differentiate them from the darker, later war production runs, they have earned the anachronistic
term of mustards by collectors. The cut of the wool trousers was improved following combat experience in North Africa, the most notably
being the increase of the seat by two inches and the addition of an anti-gas flap across the fly. Later runs had flaps covering the rear
pocket opening and button and tab adjusters at the bottom of the leg.
LEGGINGS, CANVAS, M-1938, DISMOUNTED
Leggings were issued to all enlisted men and came in four sizes. They were made of canvas duck material, and fastened over the service
shoes with a webbing strap. The leggings were then laced up by means of hooks and eyelets, which made them notoriously unpopular
with the soldiers, being awkward and time consuming to lace up (especially when wet and cold).
SOCKS, WOOL, CUSHION SOLE, OD
There were two types of socks for the infantryman cotton and wool and every soldier was issued three pairs of each. While original socks
are available, modern military examples are acceptable and, longer lasting.
SHOES, SERVICE, REVERSE UPPER
The service shoes were ankle height, of russet leather with a composite rubber sole. The leather was flesh outwards. The laces were of the
brown flat type.
TENT, SHELTER, HALF x2 AND PINS
In theory, every soldier carried a shelter-half, a collapsible tent pole, a rope and five pegs or "pins". Soldiers would pair off; button their
halves together to make a pup tent. In practice, front line troops seldom got to pitch tents in the front-line which provided perfect targets
for the enemy. The wartime shelter half had two design flaws. It was a light tan shade which was a camouflage concern, and was open to
the elements at one end. While these problems had been identified as early as 1941, production of the double ended shade shelter-halves
did not commence until 1943. During this period, such huge stocks of single ended shelter-halves had been produced that, the double
ended, OD pattern remained uncommon. We prefer the earlier open ended pattern, but will allow double ended tents on the proviso that
they are button fastened only - not press studs.
BANDOLEER, COTTON.
Re-supplies of rifle ammunition was brought up to the line in wooden crates containing cotton 25 bandoleers. Each bandoleer had six
pockets and could carry 48 rounds of clipped M1 ammunition or 60 rounds of '03 ammunition in stripper clips. It should be explained
that the '03 stripper clips were also used to refill the BAR magazine. The bandoleers were hung over the shoulders to augment the
infantryman's basic ammunition load and were discarded when empty.
BAG, CARRYING, AMMUNITION, M1.
Everyone in the rifle squad carried one of these with the exception of the Browning Auto Rifle ammunition bearers for the, who were
supposed to carry two. The ammunition bag could hold 5 rifle grenades, or 11 hand grenades (in their card containers) or 250 rounds of
ball ammunition.
FLASHLIGHT TL-22
A similar design, albeit more elaborate, is still in use today with the army. They were typically made in olive drab plastic although
metal was used early in the war. Contrary to popular belief flashlights, like watches, compasses and whistles were the preserve of Officers
and select NCOs in the Weapons Platoon. Indeed, only 28 were issued to a company of 192 men!
ROLL, TOILET, Complete.
This is a collective term for the soldiers basic ablutions equipment. Every GI was issued a toothbrush, shaving brush and razor (with five
blades), a comb, one bath and two huck towels. Different rolls based on civilian styles were sold at the PX, although the most effective was
an olive drab 'tool roll' type bag. Toiletries were supposed to be carried in the haversack, although combat conditions could pare the
contents down to the basics - just a toothbrush. Opportunities to clean occurred in a rest area.
Original toiletries are still available but, like the underwear, we leave the decision to use these vintage items to the individual. For those
that choose to watch out for the nylon in the toothbrushes - it tends to harden with age and the tooth powder is very abrasive. The grit
soap, happily, doesnt smell too bad though!
COVER, CANVAS, MUZZLE, CARBINE OR RIFLE.
As the name suggests this was a small cylindrical piece of canvas, closed at one end that fitted over the muzzle of the carbine or rifle. A
canvas bag with a tape and press-stud fastening secured the cover, which was to keep the barrel clear of mud and snow when not in
combat. Every soldier was issued one.
This uniform would only have slight changes right up till the end of 1944.
TAG, IDENTIFICATION, M1940.
Commonly known as 'dog' tags, these metal tags contained the wearer's key medical and personal information for both medical and
graves registration purposes. Wartime tags can be recognised by their rolled edge and notched rim, which was to seat the tag in the
stamping machine. Both tags contained identical information, in the following format: -
Name;
Serial Number + Date of Tetanus Inoculation
Next of Kin + Blood type
Religion.
In 1943, the next of kin details were omitted as it was rumoured that details of killed or captured soldiers were being passed to German
sympathisers on the American mainland. (In fact, it was simply to prevent excessive buckling of the tags). Similarly, contrary to
mythology, both dog tags were to be left on the fallen soldier as removing them robbed the body of identification. One tag was buried with
the body, while the other, after processing, became part of the soldier's grave marker
HELMET, STEEL, M1
The M1 steel helmet is synonymous with the image of the WWII GI. It consisted of two parts an outer steel pot with web chin strap and the
removable plastic liner - which held the adjustable sweatband and cradle. The liner could be worn for ceremonial duties, while the outer
steel cover (in addition to offering protection) could additionally serve as an improvised basin, bucket, or entrenching tool. The outer
surface of the steel helmet was sprinkled with ground cork and coated with a thick coat of olive drab paint to reduce glare from the sun. A
net was also placed over the top, to hold camouflage to break up its distinctive outline. In the First Division, it was an SOP to hand-paint
the unit insignia on the front of both the helmet and liner.
CAP, WOOL KNIT, MODEL M-1941.
Fondly recognised as being the headgear worn by Radar O'Riley from MASH, the jeep cap was a close fitting wool cap designed to sit
beneath the steel helmet in cold weather. The small peak and fold down sides covered the ears and mirrored the helmet edge. The jeep
cap's unmilitary appearance is alleged to have made it one of General Patton's pet banes.
UNDERSHIRT, COTTON, SUMMER, SLEEVELESS, OD
Like the under shorts, each GI was issued five singlets. These too, were initially white at the start of the war, but due to camouflage
reasons, production was changed to olive drab cotton. Original undershirts are available as are very good reproductions and, like the GI
under shorts, the choice between original and reproduction is left to the individual's scruples.
SHIRT, FLANNEL, OD, COAT STYLE
Like the wool trousers, every GI received two wool shirts. The phrase coat style is because it opened fully at the front unlike the pull over
predecessors and had two breast pockets with button down flaps. The shirt came in two types - 'regular' and special, the only difference
being the special had a gas flap behind the buttons and gussets to protect against vesicant chemicals. Some shirts also have a pair of
buttons underneath the collar intended as fastenings for the gas hood. Many soldiers removed the gas flaps as they added thickness and
bulk when worn with their Class A & B uniform.
JACKET, FIELD, OD (SECOND PATTERN)
Prior to 1939, the US Army's intention was to fight in the service coat. However as the clouds of war closed in, the Army decided to search
for a more practical garment for fighting in, and which would ultimately consign the service coat to dress occasions. The resulting
garment was based on a civilian jacket it was short olive drab jacket made from windproof, water-repellent cotton poplin with a flannel
lining. It had two slash pockets at the front, adjustable cuff and neck closures and had pleats at the shoulder allowing more flexibility. As
one might expect, the jacket was not a particularly successful as the poplin material tended to wear out quickly in combat, was hot in
summer and cold in winter, lacked a decent pocket capacity, and tended to show up against dark backgrounds. While attempts to
improve the garment resulted in the M1943 combat jacket, such quantities had been produced that these were the most common jacket
until well into 1945. Collectors anachronistically call these jackets as M41 (after the pattern date) to differentiate them from the later
M43 pattern. The real GIs, untutored in designs, patterns and model numbers simply call them.... field jackets.
SHOULDER PATCH
1ST DIVISION SHOULDER INSIGNIA. This is the Divisional Patch, Located on the upper part of the outer half of the left sleeve of the
service coat. It was also authorised to be worn on the overcoat, field jacket and shirt (when worn as an outer garment). The top of the
patch was to be 1/2 inch below top of the shoulder seam
HAVERSACK, M-1928
The haversack was the infantryman's pack, into which the soldier would roll his raincoat, rations, bedding and personal effects.
Erroneously called a "doughboy", the pack had two hangers, for the bayonet (side) and entrenching tool (back) respectively. The shoulder
straps enabled the haversack to clip to the cartridge belt, and support some of the weight of the ammunition and canteen from the
wearer's waist. The haversack was never popular with the infantry, and was declared "limited standard" from 1943 in favour of a more
practical design. However, with over 7 million haversacks constructed, they were still in service after 1945.
BLANKET - Wool M-1934.
An enlisted man was issued two olive drab wool blankets. In combat, another two blankets (or one wool sleeping bag) were rolled together
to form a "bedroll". These tended to be kept with the Supply Sergeant and brought up to the soldiers if or when combat conditions
permitted.
POUCH, MEAT CAN.
A meat can pouch was actually a component of the M1928 haversack and attached to the outer flap by two straps allowing the
entrenching tool to fit behind it. Designed to house the soldiers mess gear (or meat can), the inside rear of the pouch contained three
pockets for the knife, fork and spoon each in leather sheaths. The outer pouch held the meat can and fastened with a buckle. Frequently,
the meat cans were thrown away or left with the company kitchens; leaving the pouch free for the soldier to carry his emergency rations.
CAN, MEAT, M-1942
This was the standard eating 'dish' of the soldier. It came in two parts - an upper lid and a lower pan, with a folding handle, which clipped
the two components together. The date of manufacture and maker's name was stamped into the folding handle, which is useful to note as
the design remains in use today. Early model meat cans were simply copies of the first war pattern, but as supplies of aluminium fell
short, the design was improved and produced in stainless steel. In combat, tactical conditions made it hard to heat food - let alone use the
meat can and, cleaning the gear well enough to prevent dysentery or food poisoning was a problem. Similarly, the bulky and noisy metal
kits meant many units would pool the company's mess gear with their kitchen for when the men were pulled from the line and could use
them.
FORK, SPOON AND KNIFE, M-1926
With the meat-can, every GI was issued a set of stamped stainless steel cutlery (or silverware as the Americans call it). The fork and spoon
were stamped from a flat piece of steel and had the US initials embossed in the handle. Early knives had a black, bakelite handle, which
was a move to save aluminium for the war effort. All items in the set had a hole in the handle to allow the implement to be hooked onto
the meat can handle enabling the whole ensemble to be immersed in boiling water as part of the sterilization process after washing up. In
combat, most soldiers discarded all but the spoon, which best suited the stew based rations.
SHOVEL, INTRENCHING, M-1910 & CARRIER, SHOVEL, INTRENCHING, M-1910
As the pattern date suggests, this was a pre-first war design that was pushed into service for WWII. It is effectively a small shovel that
allowed the soldier to dig in against enemy fire. The blade of the shovel fitted into a D shaped duck cover, which buckled with a web strap
around the haft to hold it in place. The back of the cover had the hooks that allowed it to be suspended from the haversack or belt. This
intrenching tool had a 'T' shaped handle which was considered a design flaw in that it could snag on obstacles like barbed wire and impede
movement. For this reason, it was declared "limited standard" when, in 1943 a more versatile digging tool was adopted, but sufficient
quantities had been made that the T-handle can be seen in use late in the war. According to the pre-D Day 1944 Company T/O&E, (i.e.
official theory) each ten men had seven shovels with the remaining men carrying pick mattocks and axes.
The M1910 pick mattock, like the intrenching tool, was also a Great War product and, was to augment the squad's ability to dig in on
hard or stony ground. Comprising a hafted pick axe head and short handle, it fitted into a convenient carrying case which allowed it to be
carried identically to the shovel. There were thirty-seven of these in a rifle company and were issued on the basis of two every ten men.
Unlike the shovel, the pick mattock wasn't completely replaced by the M-43 intrenching tool.
The M1910 hand axe was issued on the basis of one to every ten men. Unfortunately, the ability to say who carried the axe in the squad
is impossible although this item is issued to medics who were to use it to fell small trees and branches to make overhead cover for holes,
chop out roots and presumably improvise poles for litters. In combat, most soldiers went for one of the more practical digging tools
described above although sharp eyes can sometimes see the axe in photographs.
BAYONET,M1/M1905
The US Army entered the Second War armed with the M1905 bayonet from Great War. The stockpiles which fulfilled the Army's
peacetime needs began to run out with mobilisation of millions of men, so production of the M1905 bayonet resumed in 1942. In 1943,
the army realised that a 16" blade was neither desirable nor practical, and set about redesigning it. The resulting M1 bayonet was
functionally identical, but had a 10" blade and shorter scabbard. To help speed production, the decision was made to take existing stocks of
M1905 bayonets and cut the blade length down to 10 inches too; a practice, which continued through to the end of the war. These cut
down blades came in two styles "spear point" (tapering to a tip) and "beak point" (curved and tapered back from the top of the blade).
During basic training, the average infantryman underwent 8 hours tuition in bayonet fighting, although incidents of bayonet use were
few.
U.S. RIFLE, CAL.30, M1
The M1 Garand is a full blown combat rifle with maxiumum range of 3,200 meters and maximum effective range of 400 meters.....or
the greatest distance at which the weapon can be expected to fire accurately to inflict casualties or damage. Fully loaded with 8 round
clip, cleaning kit in butt stock, sling and with stock of dense GI issue wood the M1 weighed in at 11-1/4 lbs. The M1 came into production
in 1936 using the 30.06 rifle cartridge. The M1 was the designated service rifle of World War II for the United States Military. It was
designed for semi-automatic fire using a spring steel clip containing 8 rounds. This is where the term "clip" originated. All other rifles
used a detachable or fixed magazine. The M1 Garand was designed for long range accuracy i.e. battle zero was set for any target less than
200 yards It was the only rifle that had fully adjustable i.e. windage and elevation, rear sights. The The original rear sight of the M1
would not hold adjustments very well, so a locking bar was added in late 1942 which could be tightened after sights were set.
The US Rifle M1 was the first semiautomatic rifle to be the standard small arm of the US Military, and the first semiautomatic rifle to be
adopted by a major military power. It was the product of a genuine genius, John Cantius Garand. While the M1 Rifle was never officially
referred to as the Garand, it is known by no other name so widely. First adopted in 1936, the M1 Rifle served the US in World War II,
Korea, a host of "police actions" and interventions, and, in the hands of allies, in the Vietnam War.
To many the M1 Rifle has a classic elegance and grace characteristic of a bygone era, when steel was forged in white heat and walnut was
carefully shaped for both form and function. "There will never be again such a rifle, so brimming with the genius of an individual mind,
so well constructed to outlive us all, so sculpted as to ask the hand to caress."
LIGHTWEIGHT SERVICE GAS MASK M3-10 A1-6 & M6 CARRIER, OD
The Army M3-10A1-6 was a modification of the earlier M2A2 Service Gas Mask. The mask was designed to be lighter, so a shorter
breathing tube was used with a lightweight M10A1 filter canister fixed to the end. An inner oronasal cup was also incorporated to reduce
fogging of the eye pieces. The head harness was also riveted onto the face piece differently, so as to not require rifle skids. This factor
makes the M3-10A1-6 easy to distinguish from the other lightweight service gas masks. The M3-10A1-6 was made in fairly significant
numbers but it is still somewhat difficult to find today.
BELT, CARTRIDGE, CAL.30, M-1923, DISMOUNTED
This was the standard piece of equipment for anyone armed with the M1 or M1903a4 rifle and carried 80 or 50 rounds respectively. The
belt comprised of a left and right section of five pockets each, linked by an adjustable back strap. Along the base of the belt were eye holes,
which allowed the suspension of equipment such as canteens, aid pouches etc.
CANTEEN, M-1910 & CUP, M-1910 .
The M-1910 canteen and cup carried a quart of liquid. It was initially made of aluminium, with a matching aluminium cap, however
this was substituted by stainless steel (with a bakelite cap) to conserve precious metals. The canteen was slightly convex to follow the
contour of the body and similarly shaped canteen cup, into which it fitted. The canteen cup had a folding handle that clipped around the
bottom of the cup when not in use, and has the maker's name and date stamped on it.
The complete assembly fitted in to the canteen cover.
COVER, CANTEEN, DISMOUNTED, M-1910
As the name suggests, this was the felt lined cover for the canteen and cup. According to regulations, it was to be carried on the rear left of
the wearer's belt, but was not really enforced outside garrison.
POUCH, FIRST-AID PACKET,M-1942 & FIRST-AID PACKET, CARLISLE MODEL
This pouch was used to carry a soldier's "Carlisle" field dressing and sulphanilamide wound tablets. Officially, it was supposed to be worn
to the rear right of the wearer's rifle belt. In combat however, it tended to be moved to the front, where it could be reached more easily
when hit.
DRAWERS,COTTON,SHORTS, OD
According to the table of issue, every GI received five pairs of under shorts. Early in the war, they were white, but as the war progressed,
and interests of camouflage, they were produced in olive drab colour. They had three buttons at the waistband and had -in lieu of elastic
tie fasteners for final adjustment. While unissued and reproduction underwear is available (and surprisingly comfortable) this is one area
of authenticity we leave to the individual's conscience!
BELT, WEB,WAIST, EM, M-1937
Every soldier was issued one of these trouser belts. At 1 1/4 inch width, the belt had a metal tip and an "open face" buckle, which is a
design still in service today. While "Closed face buckles", akin to those worn by officers, were sold at the PX, we insist on the "open face"
type, which was more typical of the type issued to the enlisted man.
TROUSERS, WOOL, SERGE, OD, LIGHT SHADE
On entering the service, every soldier was issued two pairs of wool or more accurately 18-ounce serge trousers. The trousers have two
side seam pockets, a watch pocket on the right front waistband and two rear hip pockets. Because they are made from a lighter shade
material than the service coat and, to differentiate them from the darker, later war production runs, they have earned the anachronistic
term of mustards by collectors. The cut of the wool trousers was improved following combat experience in North Africa, the most notably
being the increase of the seat by two inches and the addition of an anti-gas flap across the fly. Later runs had flaps covering the rear
pocket opening and button and tab adjusters at the bottom of the leg.
LEGGINGS, CANVAS, M-1938, DISMOUNTED
Leggings were issued to all enlisted men and came in four sizes. They were made of canvas duck material, and fastened over the service
shoes with a webbing strap. The leggings were then laced up by means of hooks and eyelets, which made them notoriously unpopular
with the soldiers, being awkward and time consuming to lace up (especially when wet and cold).
SOCKS, WOOL, CUSHION SOLE, OD
There were two types of socks for the infantryman cotton and wool and every soldier was issued three pairs of each. While original socks
are available, modern military examples are acceptable and, longer lasting.
SHOES, SERVICE, REVERSE UPPER
The service shoes were ankle height, of russet leather with a composite rubber sole. The leather was flesh outwards. The laces were of the
brown flat type.
TENT, SHELTER, HALF x2 AND PINS
In theory, every soldier carried a shelter-half, a collapsible tent pole, a rope and five pegs or "pins". Soldiers would pair off; button their
halves together to make a pup tent. In practice, front line troops seldom got to pitch tents in the front-line which provided perfect targets
for the enemy. The wartime shelter half had two design flaws. It was a light tan shade which was a camouflage concern, and was open to
the elements at one end. While these problems had been identified as early as 1941, production of the double ended shade shelter-halves
did not commence until 1943. During this period, such huge stocks of single ended shelter-halves had been produced that, the double
ended, OD pattern remained uncommon. We prefer the earlier open ended pattern, but will allow double ended tents on the proviso that
they are button fastened only - not press studs.
BANDOLEER, COTTON.
Re-supplies of rifle ammunition was brought up to the line in wooden crates containing cotton 25 bandoleers. Each bandoleer had six
pockets and could carry 48 rounds of clipped M1 ammunition or 60 rounds of '03 ammunition in stripper clips. It should be explained
that the '03 stripper clips were also used to refill the BAR magazine. The bandoleers were hung over the shoulders to augment the
infantryman's basic ammunition load and were discarded when empty.
BAG, CARRYING, AMMUNITION, M1.
Everyone in the rifle squad carried one of these with the exception of the Browning Auto Rifle ammunition bearers for the, who were
supposed to carry two. The ammunition bag could hold 5 rifle grenades, or 11 hand grenades (in their card containers) or 250 rounds of
ball ammunition.
FLASHLIGHT TL-22
A similar design, albeit more elaborate, is still in use today with the army. They were typically made in olive drab plastic although
metal was used early in the war. Contrary to popular belief flashlights, like watches, compasses and whistles were the preserve of Officers
and select NCOs in the Weapons Platoon. Indeed, only 28 were issued to a company of 192 men!
ROLL, TOILET, Complete.
This is a collective term for the soldiers basic ablutions equipment. Every GI was issued a toothbrush, shaving brush and razor (with five
blades), a comb, one bath and two huck towels. Different rolls based on civilian styles were sold at the PX, although the most effective was
an olive drab 'tool roll' type bag. Toiletries were supposed to be carried in the haversack, although combat conditions could pare the
contents down to the basics - just a toothbrush. Opportunities to clean occurred in a rest area.
Original toiletries are still available but, like the underwear, we leave the decision to use these vintage items to the individual. For those
that choose to watch out for the nylon in the toothbrushes - it tends to harden with age and the tooth powder is very abrasive. The grit
soap, happily, doesnt smell too bad though!
COVER, CANVAS, MUZZLE, CARBINE OR RIFLE.
As the name suggests this was a small cylindrical piece of canvas, closed at one end that fitted over the muzzle of the carbine or rifle. A
canvas bag with a tape and press-stud fastening secured the cover, which was to keep the barrel clear of mud and snow when not in
combat. Every soldier was issued one.
